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Tangkuban Perahu, Bandung West Java

Although not the largest volcano on the island of Java or the highest, but since the first Mount Tangkuban Perahu has attracted the attention of many people to come here. Both of the corners of the archipelago, the Dutch and Europeans who once served in the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia). His name was often fill the explorers travel records, ranging from Bujangga Beads from Pakuan Pajajaran until Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn.

In the book P.C. Molhuysen en P.J. Block "Nieuw Nederlandsch Woordenboek biografisch, Deel 6" published in 1924, Gouverneur-Generaal mentioned Abraham van Riebeeck in 1713 has climbed Mount Tangkuban Perahu and Papandayan with a mission to recognize the situation and geographical conditions of the mountains on the island of Java. After a journey that, Riebeck began developing coffee plantations in the vicinity of West Java.

Then a few days later, JZ Johannes Olivier, secretary of the Dutch East Indies government in charge of Kilkenny, in his book "Tafereelen merkwaardigheden en uit Oost-Indie" published in 1836, noting many Europeans who visited climb Tangkuban Perahu, a few names of them, Dr. (Thomas) Horsfield, British botanists in 1804, Heer Leschenault (Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour), French botanists, in 1805. Heer Valck which at that time served as Resident van Karawang in 1823. Botanist who developed the Bogor Botanical Gardens, Prof. Carl Ludwig Blume in 1824. Also Tangkuban Perahu region can not be separated from the name of Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn, a botanists, geologists, who developed quinine plantations around the region. Junghuhn has twice recorded explore this area in years 1837 and 1848. From its journey to explore the mountains in Java, write it in book Topografische Junghuhn naturwissenschaftliche und Reisen durch Java (Topographic and Scientific Journey Across Java - (1845), until in 1864 Junghuhn died and was buried at the foot of Mount Tangkuban Perahu Jayagiri precisely in the Village, Lembang.

Society Bandoeng Tangkuban Vooruit & Boat Tours
Unlike the activities of other natural attractions mountain climbing, Mount Tangkuban Perahu region is relatively easily achieved. Visitors need not bother for hours or even days to climb to enjoy the beauty as there are access roads passable for motor vehicles up to the crater lip.

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Louis Couperus, a Dutch novelist and the author did not miss a chance to visit Mount Tangkuban Perahu India on its way to the Netherlands / Dutch East Indies. In his book published in 1923 Oostwaard, Couperus mention that to get there he must struggle through the forest and mountain climbing, while his wife draagstoel crutches or a chair with stretchers that carried by eight people. But now the situation has changed, it goes without bersusahpayah, anyone can easily enjoy the beauty of the mountainous region along the crater-Tangkuban Perahu crater. Mount Tangkuban Perahu relatively easily reached by vehicles up to the crater edge.

The presence of access roads to the area of ??Mount Tangkuban Perahu is inseparable from the role of associations "Bandoeng Vooruit", an organization of Dutch people who lived in Bandung. Their mission, among others, to develop tourism in the area of ??Bandung. Organizing and makeup appearance of Bandung as a tourist destination that attracts tourists as much as possible to come visit to Bandung.

In about 1924, Heer W. H. Hoogland, chairman Bandoeng Vooruit already thinking about the possibility of building roads leading to crater the Queen, the largest crater in the area of ??Tangkuban Perahu. Previously, the Association of Historians of Nature (Natuur Historische Vereeniging) has spearheaded the opening of the trail that crosses some plantation areas Pemanoekan Kina (Pemanukan) and Tjiasemlanden (Daerah Ciasem) and since the time Tangkuban Perahu mountain to climb often. And finally in 1926 the construction of roads to the area Tangkuban Boat begins.

In September of 1928 about 4 kilometers of the road to Crater Queen opened to the public. L. Van der Pijl, in his book "Wandelgids voor den G. Tangkoeban Prahoe ", mentions that the construction of these roads takes the total cost f 30,000; (30,000 Gulden). Because the high cost of construction and maintenance of the facilities so visitors through the road fee is f 2:50 (2:50 Gulden) for four-wheel vehicles and f 1 (1 Gulden) for two-wheeled motor vehicles. Then the road to Crater Queen was called Hooglandweg refers to the name of W. Heer H. Hoogland, chairman of the Bandung gathering Vooruit, the originator of the idea of ??road building, which until now can be enjoyed by visitors of Mount Tangkuban Perahu.

Travelling in the crater of Mount Tangkuban Perahu
Tangkuban Perahu Mountain tourist area located about 30 kilometers north of Bandung. Administratively, the area south of Mount Tangkuban Perahu under fanning area, West Bandung regency. Northside Sagalaherang district, and the northeast district of Subang district Jalancagak.

The highest mountain peak in the region Tangkuban Perahu is at an elevation 2084 meters above sea level. This area is one of the natural tourist destination visited by many domestic and foreign tourists.

According to local folklore Tangkuban name associated with the legend Sangkuriang Boat, which is reported to fall in love with his mother, Dayang Sumbi. To thwart his intention to marry her, Dayang Sumbi proposed terms, one Sangkuriang should make the boat overnight. While aware of his attempt to qualify had failed, Sangkuriang angry and kicked the boat, thus landing in the circumstances upside down. The boat is then formed Tangkuban Mt.

Mount Tangkuban Perahu is one that is still active volcano on the island of Java. The mountain is included in the category of type of Strato with a double crater. Based on the data available since the nineteenth century, this volcano did not show a large magmatic eruption than just a small eruption that threw the ashes without being followed by leleran lava, clouds of incandescent heat or throw stones. So far, there has never been a note of the existence of lava floods that accompany eruptions. The eruption of Mount Tangkuban Perahu eruption can be classified as small. Material ejected volcanic ash which is generally restricted to the vicinity of the peak up to several kilometers. Hot mud flow was recorded only limited in the area around the crater.

The eruption of Mount Tangkuban Perahu last occurred in 1910. When the column of smoke rose as high as 2 km above the crater wall, crater eruption came from the Queen. Number of eruptions that occurred during the period of 05.01 last century that a lot of the crater in the region. Tangkuban Boat has 9 crater that is still active until now. These craters are craters Queen, Upas Crater, Domas Crater, Crater Ecoma, Jurig Crater, Crater Demon, New Crater, Crater Lanang, Crater Jarian and Pangguyangan Rhino. Among these craters, Crater Queen is the largest crater, followed by Upas Crater Crater which is located adjacent to the Queen. Several crater sulfur smell smoke, there is even forbidden to descend the crater, because the cloud of toxic smoke.
Another crater is also interesting to visit is the Domas crater located about 1.2 kilometers east of Crater Queen. This crater can be reached via the footpath down through the forest with trees that shade, there are some parts of the steep road. Unlike the Queen crater that offers spectacular views of the crater area, at the Domas Crater appear visible expanse of rocks and cliffs of yellowish white with hollow slits that emit smoke belerang.Di this location visitors can also find some boiling hot springs with sulfur smoke aroma. In particular the hot springs used by surrounding communities to heal skin diseases and in other hot water source is used to boil eggs. From the Domas Crater visitors can walk back up toward the crater Queen parking lot or to pursue a horizontal path toward the parking lot below.

Towards Tangkuban Boat
Tangkuban Perahu Mountain region can be reached from the city towards the North direction past the bus station / public transport pipe, Lembang City and then to the gate or counter inside. Another path through the town of Subang through recreation and Ciater tea plantations.

For visitors who prefer walking or biking may have a short cut through such paths through the Desa Jayagiri, Lembang. When you choose this route do not forget to stop by the park Junghuhn Nature Reserve. At this location there is the monument and the tomb of botanists and geologists Junghuhn Franz Wilhelm, formerly known as explorers mountains in Java and a pioneer in the cultivation of plantation crops Priangan quinine in the region of West Java. Toward the 2nd world war, world production of quinine (Cinchona de Calisaya), as raw material medicine of malaria, the biggest, about 91% came from Nederlands-Indie (Indonesia).

Visitors can ride the public transportation bus-Subang Bandung majors up to the fork in the road to Tangkuban Perahu. Or take minibus majoring in Lembang-Tangkuban Perahu.

Insert
Historical eruptions of Mount Tangkuban Perahu, source: portal.vsi.esdm.go.id

1829 - eruptions of ash and rocks from the Queen and Domas crater
1846 - occurred eruption, increased activity
1896 - formed a new fumarole on the north crater Rhino
1900 - Queen eruption of steam from the crater
1910 - a column of smoke rose as high as 2 km above the crater wall, crater eruption came from the Queen
1926 - freatik eruption in the crater of the Queen to form a hole Ecoma
1935 - new fumarole field called the Rhino case, 150 m to the south-west of the crater Queen
1952 - ash eruption was preceded by the eruption hidrothermal (freatik)
1957 - freatik eruption in the crater of the Queen, formed a new crater hole
1961, 1965, 1967 - eruption freatik
1969 - freatik eruption was preceded by a weak eruption produces ash
1971 - eruption freatik
1983 - ash clouds rising as high as 159 m above the crater queen
1992 - an increase of seismic activity with strong shallow earthquakes with small eruptions freatik
1994 - New eruption in the crater freatik

Solo, in Java

The oldiest keraton (palace) of solo can be seen from the sculptures in the style dutch aarchitecture firm that is still standing around the court until now.

the statues were a gift from the dutch government. different from Yogyakarta palace who refused to cooperate with the dutch, the Keraton of solo more cooperative.

So no wonder if the dutch government provides many statues as a sign of friendship.


If you visit the Keraton of solo, was certainly, the whole side of the palace contains a mysticalvalue. Once inside the palace, you are faced with a palace to stay king of the pages are filled with sand,

sawo kecik tree aged no less than 200 years.

if use shoes, you can proceed the tour around the palace, but if sandals please removed. In addition to not wear slippers, visitors are also prohibited from wearing shorts.

therefore, the palace provides batik pants.

sand stretching along the court yard is a sand sea of the southern, which is believed to cure all sorts of diseases if walking on it.

according to tour the palace guide, this sand was the same age with the sawo kecik tree that bring cool atmosphere in the palace. the tree considered a sacred fruit.


As the name implies, derived from kecik word which means good, will pass on all the good qualities when eaten.chrysophyllum should not be picked,

only to be when the fruit falls to the ground.


In front of the palace, there is a blue tower looming. normally the tower was used as a place of meditation, interacting with the queen Kanjeng Roro Kidul, the ruler of the south sea, which until now was believed

to exist, and to see moon. which saw activity to determine the coming months and the end ot the fasting months for muslim's.

In that tower. Kingof Pakubuwono meet even perform sexual intercourse with the queen Kanjeng Roro Kidul. but the relationship is "broken" after Pakubuwono X.

Pakubuwono XI and XI could only meet and dialogue with the Queen Roro Kidul Kanjeng without contact.


There is one interesting story, a journalist specialized from jakarta come to the palace, at night. courtiers to his arrival he was told at the invitation of a person.

he could not explain who she was, but she was very beautiful.


On the night he set info the palace continued to tower. the clock continues to move toward the middle of the night.

after midnight he saw Pakubuwono X came to the night. to the layman, Pakubuwono come alone. he was calm like a king,

to the hermitage on the 3rd floor to meditate. The reporter continued to abserve. After a long time because he was shocked.... next walked gracefully the king very beautiful wman.

Having abserved because he was more surprised that the woman he had invited to come!!


toward morning he went downstars and told the courtiers sould only see sinuhun walking alone, at night.

but if the note sinuhun gait was like holding someone.

The other side is no less mysthical palace is a museum with a lot of ancient object. like museum in general, the object in it is about ancient object that had been used by the family court.

including a wagon, kris, gongs, painting, hearse, and so forth. train the body that was 75 years old, once used to transport the bodies PB X and PB XI.

the condition of the train is still good. there is a special gong was beatan during the war. this unique gong no lump, so if you hit a strange noise.


According to the story, until now, the gong is aften out of water drops like tears. although there is also a mystical smells of positive energy that emanated from the palace of solo.

positive energy possesed of sacred object in museum such as images Kanjeng Queen Solo. courtiers would advise you to take pictures in front of this picture because it believed would provide smoothness and

ease in this life. in addition there is an umbrella heritage. if you photographed full umbrella will have good future.


there are also sculptures of human heads that should not be photographed ad was approached by a woman who is menstruating.

it is said that this statue be placed at the end of the king's sailboat when traveling.


behind the palace area covering 42 hectares is also not free from the mystical value. Once in the back of the palace, visitors can find a vast prairie.

there are some albino buffalo, white buffalo type who only carried out the court every year on 1 Muharram, the islamic New Year celebrations. buffalo is being paraded around

the city because believed to provide good and provision. it is said that litter was a bone of contention residents.


buffaloes is pet Pakubuwono II. not obviously true origin of the buffaloes. some say a gift from regent ponorogo to Pakubuwono II,

to oversee a heritage palace named kyai slamet, who says there are buffaloes were sent from one kingdom from outside java.


every nigtht, according 1 sura (calendar of java), or the night of 1 Muharam according to the islamic (Hijri), a flock of this sacred buffalo always paraded, a guard number of heritage palace.

ritual 1 Sura carnival night it self is very eagerly awaited community. thousands of people came pouring in around the palace, also on the streets of the

procession will pass. society believes will get a blesing from the palace when watching the procession.


According to the story, albino buffaloes had a lot of uniqueness. for example, often travel to distant places in search of food, without the courties followed menggembalakannya duty.

they are often up to a distance of cilacap over 100 km from Solo, or Madiun in East Java. yet strangely, the New Year ahead of Java, they will return to court for the pression will follow the ritual heritage.


Keraton Solo never devoid of visitors. espesially in the holiday school vacation, many buses-school students from out to town come over there. foreign tourist had been visiting there.

to enter the palace every visitor must pay a ticket for Rp 6,000. plus USD $3500 if you bring tustel or video. at the entrance you will be greeted with a friendly by pamu tour.

one of automatically mererka will accompany you around the palace.

Indonesian History

Indonesia Independence

Background

On August 6, 1945 a bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in Japan by the United States which began to demoralize the spirit of the Japanese army in the world. A day later Investigation Agency Preparation for Independence Indonesia BPUPKI, or "Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai", renamed PPKI (The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence) or also called Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai in Japanese, to further confirm the desire and the aim of achieving the independence of Indonesia. On August 9, 1945, a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, causing the Japanese surrendered to the United States and its allies. This moment is also used by Indonesia to declare independence.
Indonesian flag is raised 17 August 1945.jpg

Soekarno Hatta as lead manager and Radjiman PPKI Wedyodiningrat as a former chairman of BPUPKI flown to Dalat, 250 km northeast of Saigon, Vietnam to meet with Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops were on the verge of defeat and will give independence to Indonesia. Meanwhile in Indonesia, on August 10, 1945, Sutan Syahrir have heard the news over the radio that Japan had surrendered to the Allies. Underground fighters preparing to declare independence, and reject the form of independence that is given as a gift of Japan.

On August 12, 1945, Japan by Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, told Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman that the Japanese government will soon grant independence to Indonesia and the proclamation of independence can be carried out within a few days, depending on how the PPKI. Despite this Japan wants Indonesia's independence on 24 August.

Two days later, when Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman return to their homeland from Dalat, Sutan Syahrir urged Sukarno declared independence immediately because it considers the results of the meeting in Dalat as a ruse Japan, because Japan every moment had to be surrendered to the Allies and for the sake of avoiding a split in nationalist stronghold, between the anti and pro-Japanese. Syahrir Hatta told about the results of the meeting in Dalat. Sukarno did not believe that Japan had surrendered, and the proclamation of independence of Indonesia as it can cause great bloodshed, and can cause serious fatal if the fighters Indonesia was not ready. Soekarno Hatta reminded that Syahrir no right to declare independence because it is the right of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). Meanwhile Syahrir agency considers PPKI is made in Japan and the proclamation of independence by PPKI only a 'gift' from Japan (sic).
Indonesian flag raising Witnesses 17 August 1945.jpg

On August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered to the Allies. Army and Navy of Japan was still in power in Indonesia because Japan has promised to restore power in Indonesia in the hands of the Allies. Sutan Sjahrir, Wikana, Dervish, and Chaerul Saleh heard this news through the BBC radio. After hearing rumors of Japanese going to his knees, the young faction faction urged parents to immediately proclaimed the independence of Indonesia. But the older group did not want to rush. They do not want the bloodshed at the time of the proclamation. Consultation meetings were conducted in the form PPKI. Young Group does not approve the meeting, considering PPKI is a body established by the Japanese. They want freedom for our nation's own efforts, instead of Japan.

Sukarno and Hatta went to the military ruler of Japan (Gunsei) to obtain confirmation in his office in Koningsplein (Medan Merdeka). But the office was empty.

Sukarno and Hatta together and then to the office Soebardjo Bukanfu, Rear Admiral Maeda, at Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara (House Maeda on Jl Imam Bonjol 1). Maeda welcoming them with congratulations on their success in Dalat. As he replied he had not received a confirmation and are still awaiting instructions from Tokyo. On his return from Maeda, Sukarno and Hatta immediately prepare Indonesian Independence Preparatory Committee meeting (PPKI) on August 16 at 10 am the next day at the office Pejambon Road No. 2 to discuss all things related to preparation of the Declaration of Independence.

A day later, the pressure fluctuation which requires the takeover of power by Indonesia launched the youth soared from a few classes. PPKI Meeting on August 16 at 10 am was not implemented because the Sukarno and Hatta did not appear. The meeting participants did not know the event has occurred Rengasdengklok.

Events Rengasdengklok

The young fighters, including Chaerul Saleh, Sukarni, and Wikana - which is said surge heroismenya burn after discussion with the title Datuk Tan Malaka Ibrahim - who joined the underground movement to lose patience, and in the early morning of 16 August 1945. Together Shodancho Singgih, a member of PETA, and other youth, they brought Sukarno (along with the new Thunder Fatmawati and 9 months old) and Hatta, the Rengasdengklok, later known as the event Rengasdengklok. The aim is that Ir. Soekarno and Drs. Moh. Hatta is not affected by the Japanese. Here, they re-assured Soekarno that Japan had surrendered and the fighters were ready to fight the Japanese, no matter what. In Jakarta, the young group, Wikana, and old groups, namely Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo conduct negotiations. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo agreed to proclaim the independence of Indonesia in Jakarta. then diutuslah Yusuf Ahmad Soebardjo Kunto to take into Rengasdengklok. They pick up Ir. Soekarno and Drs. Moh. Hatta returned to Jakarta. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo managed to convince the youth to not rush - rush to proclaim independence. After arriving in Jakarta, they come home each. Given that the hotel Des Indes (now shopping complex in Harmony) can not be used for meetings after 10 pm, then Rear Admiral Maeda bid to use his house (now museum formulation of the text of the proclamation) as a meeting place PPKI accepted by Indonesian leaders.

Meeting Soekarno / Hatta with General Major Rear Admiral Nishimura and Maeda

In the evening, Sukarno and Hatta returned to Jakarta. Major General Moichiro Yamamoto, XVI Army Chief of Staff (Army), who became head of the military government (Gunseikan) in the Dutch East Indies did not want to accept Sukarno-Hatta delivered by Tadashi Maeda and ordered that Major-General Otoshi Nishimura, Public Affairs Department Head of government Japan's military, to accept the arrival of the entourage. Nishimura said that since the late afternoon of August 16, 1945 has received orders from Tokyo that Japan should maintain the status quo, not to give permission to prepare the proclamation of the Independence of Indonesia as already promised by Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam. Sukarno and Hatta regretted that decision and sarcastic attitude Nishimura whether an officer who spirited Bushido, broke his promise to be pitied by the Allies. Finally Sukarno-Hatta requested not to obstruct the work PPKI Nishimura, perhaps by way of pretending not to know. Seeing a hot debate Maeda quietly leave the room because it was warned by Nishimura for Tokio Maeda obey orders, and he knows as a Navy liaison officer (Kaigun) in the area of ​​the Army (Rikugun) he has no authority to decide.

After the house Nishimura, Sukarno-Hatta to the house of Admiral Maeda (now Jalan Imam Bonjol No. 1) accompanied by Myoshi to conduct a meeting to prepare the text of the Proclamation. After greeting Sukarno-Hatta, who left to argue with Nishimura, Maeda resigned to his bedroom. Preparation of text undertaken by Sukarno's Proclamation, M. Hatta, Achmad Soebardjo and witnessed by Soekarni, BM Diah, Sudiro (Grandma) and Sayuti Melik. Myoshi a half-drunk in the back seat listening to the preparation of the text but then there are sentences from Shigetada Nishijima as if he participated interfere text of the proclamation and suggested preparation for the transfer of power that just means the administrative authority. About this Bung Karno stressed that the transfer of power that means "transfer of power". Bung Hatta, Subardjo, BM Diah, Sukarni, Sudiro and Sajuti Malik nothing but justify the claim in some quarters Nishijima Nishijima claims still buzzed.

Once the draft is complete agreement, Sajuti copying and typing the text using a typewriter that was taken from the German Navy offices, owned by Major (Marine), Dr. Hermann Kandeler. [2] At first reading of the proclamation will be made in the Field Ikada, due to security reasons moved to the residence of Sukarno, Pegangsaan Road 56 East (now Jl. Proclamation no. 1).

Seconds Manuscript Reading Proclamation

10 Army Greatest of All Time

10 Army Greatest of All Time

1.Aztecs

Aztec notoriety in battle. They are usually dressed like an animal like an eagle or a jaguar. They use very primitive weapons such as clubs and bows but very effective. "Shorn Ones" (Cuachicqueh) is a warrior who vowed not to retreat when the enemy comes. They were eventually defeated by the Spanish with modern weapons which is much better.

2.Mongol Warriors

Mongols considered barbaric and wild. They dominate the European and Asian regions and the most famous horsemen who led by one of the great military commanders of the world, Genghis Kahn. They are very disciplined and adept at using bows and arrows on horseback. They use a composite bow that can penetrate through armor and is also quite adept with the spear and sword. They are expert psychological warfare and intimidation, and build one of the greatest empire the world has ever seen.

3.Mamluk

mamluk A slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages. Over time, they became a powerful military caste and often defeat the Crusaders. More than once, they seized power for themselves, for example, ruling Egypt in the Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1517. After mamluk had converted to Islam, many were trained as cavalry soldiers. Mamluk furusiyya must follow orders, code that includes values ​​such as courage and generosity, and also cavalry tactics, horseback riding, archery and wound care

4.Roman Legion

The backbone of the Roman army which led to an empire unmatched in size and strength. They are usually heavy infantry with armor and shields after the ancient Greek model. They are a combination of expert warrior swords, spears and shields. They consist of expensive soldiers who are able to make the best weapons and steel. They are disciplined, well armed, and grand strategy that goes beyond their kingdom.

5.Apache

Apache is like the ninjas of America. They will sneak up behind you and slit your throat without you knowing it. They used primitive weapons made ​​mostly of wood and bone. They are also the world's largest knife fighter ever and quite nice with a tomahawk and ax throwing. They terrorized the southwestern United States military and even beat their difficulties

6.Samurai

Samurai is the knights of the Japanese and the masters of katana. They are heavily armed soldiers covered in armor and are willing to die for his master. They hold the sharpest sword in the world has ever seen and could easily cut a man in motion twice. They are also masters of Yumi (bow) and became one of the world's best shooters. They like professional soldiers and trained and fought hard to earn the honor. Because the habits of violence which they do, the peasants rose up against them and so was born a ninja.

7.Ninja

ninja is a master of stealth and sabotage. They were originally farmers are trained to defeat the samurai robbery, but eventually became a legendary killer who most people think about this. They are known by using the Kanata such as swords, blowgun, ninja star (Shuriken), and kusarigama which will become the weapon of choice. They are known as shadow warrior perdue night. They are very afraid to openly kill and just quietly. They are also a great martial artist and undergo rigorous training.

8.Vikings

Viking - peneror in Europe. Most feared warrior of the ancient world. They terrorized Europe with their attack and rob. They are ferocious in battle and use weapons that fit their height. They're big and their appropriate use axes, swords, and spears. They are experts in conquering the city. Even their religion is war and they believe when you die in a war, you will live in the middle of a war which will never end. They all will become a distinguished army you want, as evidenced by their prowess in destroying their targets. On the other hand, they are also a good traders so that they also bring much good to Europe.

9.Spartans

You'd think they'd be number one instead? Spartan culture is all about war and military training of men for the rest of their lives. They have a saying: "come back with a shield or more than that" which means jgn back unless you win. They are some of the most formidable warriors in the world has ever seen and has become famous for their last defense in the battle of Thermopylae. They are the masters of the shield and spear combination which is then copied by other soldiers.

10.Knight

Knights is a great fighter and wear protective clothing around the body mount a horse. Europe's feudal warrior, the protector of the king. They are the soldiers most expensive, most highly trained soldiers, and have armor, weapons, and horses for mmelaksanakan assignments. They are among the toughest warriors in history to kill because of their armor. They are a very effective army that has been practiced almost all of their lives (since the day the boys want to grow up to be one) and a tank of the ancient world. Their reasons are listed as number 1 - instead of Spartans (which most people would expect) is that the knights are also expected to behave morally, we have a polite term that comes from old French Chevalier means "knight". The knight is a perfect example of a soldier and a man.