Indonesian History

Indonesia Independence

Background

On August 6, 1945 a bomb was dropped on Hiroshima in Japan by the United States which began to demoralize the spirit of the Japanese army in the world. A day later Investigation Agency Preparation for Independence Indonesia BPUPKI, or "Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai", renamed PPKI (The Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence) or also called Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai in Japanese, to further confirm the desire and the aim of achieving the independence of Indonesia. On August 9, 1945, a second atomic bomb dropped on Nagasaki, causing the Japanese surrendered to the United States and its allies. This moment is also used by Indonesia to declare independence.
Indonesian flag is raised 17 August 1945.jpg

Soekarno Hatta as lead manager and Radjiman PPKI Wedyodiningrat as a former chairman of BPUPKI flown to Dalat, 250 km northeast of Saigon, Vietnam to meet with Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops were on the verge of defeat and will give independence to Indonesia. Meanwhile in Indonesia, on August 10, 1945, Sutan Syahrir have heard the news over the radio that Japan had surrendered to the Allies. Underground fighters preparing to declare independence, and reject the form of independence that is given as a gift of Japan.

On August 12, 1945, Japan by Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, told Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman that the Japanese government will soon grant independence to Indonesia and the proclamation of independence can be carried out within a few days, depending on how the PPKI. Despite this Japan wants Indonesia's independence on 24 August.

Two days later, when Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman return to their homeland from Dalat, Sutan Syahrir urged Sukarno declared independence immediately because it considers the results of the meeting in Dalat as a ruse Japan, because Japan every moment had to be surrendered to the Allies and for the sake of avoiding a split in nationalist stronghold, between the anti and pro-Japanese. Syahrir Hatta told about the results of the meeting in Dalat. Sukarno did not believe that Japan had surrendered, and the proclamation of independence of Indonesia as it can cause great bloodshed, and can cause serious fatal if the fighters Indonesia was not ready. Soekarno Hatta reminded that Syahrir no right to declare independence because it is the right of the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). Meanwhile Syahrir agency considers PPKI is made in Japan and the proclamation of independence by PPKI only a 'gift' from Japan (sic).
Indonesian flag raising Witnesses 17 August 1945.jpg

On August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered to the Allies. Army and Navy of Japan was still in power in Indonesia because Japan has promised to restore power in Indonesia in the hands of the Allies. Sutan Sjahrir, Wikana, Dervish, and Chaerul Saleh heard this news through the BBC radio. After hearing rumors of Japanese going to his knees, the young faction faction urged parents to immediately proclaimed the independence of Indonesia. But the older group did not want to rush. They do not want the bloodshed at the time of the proclamation. Consultation meetings were conducted in the form PPKI. Young Group does not approve the meeting, considering PPKI is a body established by the Japanese. They want freedom for our nation's own efforts, instead of Japan.

Sukarno and Hatta went to the military ruler of Japan (Gunsei) to obtain confirmation in his office in Koningsplein (Medan Merdeka). But the office was empty.

Sukarno and Hatta together and then to the office Soebardjo Bukanfu, Rear Admiral Maeda, at Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara (House Maeda on Jl Imam Bonjol 1). Maeda welcoming them with congratulations on their success in Dalat. As he replied he had not received a confirmation and are still awaiting instructions from Tokyo. On his return from Maeda, Sukarno and Hatta immediately prepare Indonesian Independence Preparatory Committee meeting (PPKI) on August 16 at 10 am the next day at the office Pejambon Road No. 2 to discuss all things related to preparation of the Declaration of Independence.

A day later, the pressure fluctuation which requires the takeover of power by Indonesia launched the youth soared from a few classes. PPKI Meeting on August 16 at 10 am was not implemented because the Sukarno and Hatta did not appear. The meeting participants did not know the event has occurred Rengasdengklok.

Events Rengasdengklok

The young fighters, including Chaerul Saleh, Sukarni, and Wikana - which is said surge heroismenya burn after discussion with the title Datuk Tan Malaka Ibrahim - who joined the underground movement to lose patience, and in the early morning of 16 August 1945. Together Shodancho Singgih, a member of PETA, and other youth, they brought Sukarno (along with the new Thunder Fatmawati and 9 months old) and Hatta, the Rengasdengklok, later known as the event Rengasdengklok. The aim is that Ir. Soekarno and Drs. Moh. Hatta is not affected by the Japanese. Here, they re-assured Soekarno that Japan had surrendered and the fighters were ready to fight the Japanese, no matter what. In Jakarta, the young group, Wikana, and old groups, namely Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo conduct negotiations. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo agreed to proclaim the independence of Indonesia in Jakarta. then diutuslah Yusuf Ahmad Soebardjo Kunto to take into Rengasdengklok. They pick up Ir. Soekarno and Drs. Moh. Hatta returned to Jakarta. Mr. Ahmad Soebardjo managed to convince the youth to not rush - rush to proclaim independence. After arriving in Jakarta, they come home each. Given that the hotel Des Indes (now shopping complex in Harmony) can not be used for meetings after 10 pm, then Rear Admiral Maeda bid to use his house (now museum formulation of the text of the proclamation) as a meeting place PPKI accepted by Indonesian leaders.

Meeting Soekarno / Hatta with General Major Rear Admiral Nishimura and Maeda

In the evening, Sukarno and Hatta returned to Jakarta. Major General Moichiro Yamamoto, XVI Army Chief of Staff (Army), who became head of the military government (Gunseikan) in the Dutch East Indies did not want to accept Sukarno-Hatta delivered by Tadashi Maeda and ordered that Major-General Otoshi Nishimura, Public Affairs Department Head of government Japan's military, to accept the arrival of the entourage. Nishimura said that since the late afternoon of August 16, 1945 has received orders from Tokyo that Japan should maintain the status quo, not to give permission to prepare the proclamation of the Independence of Indonesia as already promised by Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam. Sukarno and Hatta regretted that decision and sarcastic attitude Nishimura whether an officer who spirited Bushido, broke his promise to be pitied by the Allies. Finally Sukarno-Hatta requested not to obstruct the work PPKI Nishimura, perhaps by way of pretending not to know. Seeing a hot debate Maeda quietly leave the room because it was warned by Nishimura for Tokio Maeda obey orders, and he knows as a Navy liaison officer (Kaigun) in the area of ​​the Army (Rikugun) he has no authority to decide.

After the house Nishimura, Sukarno-Hatta to the house of Admiral Maeda (now Jalan Imam Bonjol No. 1) accompanied by Myoshi to conduct a meeting to prepare the text of the Proclamation. After greeting Sukarno-Hatta, who left to argue with Nishimura, Maeda resigned to his bedroom. Preparation of text undertaken by Sukarno's Proclamation, M. Hatta, Achmad Soebardjo and witnessed by Soekarni, BM Diah, Sudiro (Grandma) and Sayuti Melik. Myoshi a half-drunk in the back seat listening to the preparation of the text but then there are sentences from Shigetada Nishijima as if he participated interfere text of the proclamation and suggested preparation for the transfer of power that just means the administrative authority. About this Bung Karno stressed that the transfer of power that means "transfer of power". Bung Hatta, Subardjo, BM Diah, Sukarni, Sudiro and Sajuti Malik nothing but justify the claim in some quarters Nishijima Nishijima claims still buzzed.

Once the draft is complete agreement, Sajuti copying and typing the text using a typewriter that was taken from the German Navy offices, owned by Major (Marine), Dr. Hermann Kandeler. [2] At first reading of the proclamation will be made in the Field Ikada, due to security reasons moved to the residence of Sukarno, Pegangsaan Road 56 East (now Jl. Proclamation no. 1).

Seconds Manuscript Reading Proclamation

10 Army Greatest of All Time

10 Army Greatest of All Time

1.Aztecs

Aztec notoriety in battle. They are usually dressed like an animal like an eagle or a jaguar. They use very primitive weapons such as clubs and bows but very effective. "Shorn Ones" (Cuachicqueh) is a warrior who vowed not to retreat when the enemy comes. They were eventually defeated by the Spanish with modern weapons which is much better.

2.Mongol Warriors

Mongols considered barbaric and wild. They dominate the European and Asian regions and the most famous horsemen who led by one of the great military commanders of the world, Genghis Kahn. They are very disciplined and adept at using bows and arrows on horseback. They use a composite bow that can penetrate through armor and is also quite adept with the spear and sword. They are expert psychological warfare and intimidation, and build one of the greatest empire the world has ever seen.

3.Mamluk

mamluk A slave soldier who converted to Islam and served the Muslim caliphs and the Ayyubid sultans during the Middle Ages. Over time, they became a powerful military caste and often defeat the Crusaders. More than once, they seized power for themselves, for example, ruling Egypt in the Mamluk Sultanate 1250-1517. After mamluk had converted to Islam, many were trained as cavalry soldiers. Mamluk furusiyya must follow orders, code that includes values ​​such as courage and generosity, and also cavalry tactics, horseback riding, archery and wound care

4.Roman Legion

The backbone of the Roman army which led to an empire unmatched in size and strength. They are usually heavy infantry with armor and shields after the ancient Greek model. They are a combination of expert warrior swords, spears and shields. They consist of expensive soldiers who are able to make the best weapons and steel. They are disciplined, well armed, and grand strategy that goes beyond their kingdom.

5.Apache

Apache is like the ninjas of America. They will sneak up behind you and slit your throat without you knowing it. They used primitive weapons made ​​mostly of wood and bone. They are also the world's largest knife fighter ever and quite nice with a tomahawk and ax throwing. They terrorized the southwestern United States military and even beat their difficulties

6.Samurai

Samurai is the knights of the Japanese and the masters of katana. They are heavily armed soldiers covered in armor and are willing to die for his master. They hold the sharpest sword in the world has ever seen and could easily cut a man in motion twice. They are also masters of Yumi (bow) and became one of the world's best shooters. They like professional soldiers and trained and fought hard to earn the honor. Because the habits of violence which they do, the peasants rose up against them and so was born a ninja.

7.Ninja

ninja is a master of stealth and sabotage. They were originally farmers are trained to defeat the samurai robbery, but eventually became a legendary killer who most people think about this. They are known by using the Kanata such as swords, blowgun, ninja star (Shuriken), and kusarigama which will become the weapon of choice. They are known as shadow warrior perdue night. They are very afraid to openly kill and just quietly. They are also a great martial artist and undergo rigorous training.

8.Vikings

Viking - peneror in Europe. Most feared warrior of the ancient world. They terrorized Europe with their attack and rob. They are ferocious in battle and use weapons that fit their height. They're big and their appropriate use axes, swords, and spears. They are experts in conquering the city. Even their religion is war and they believe when you die in a war, you will live in the middle of a war which will never end. They all will become a distinguished army you want, as evidenced by their prowess in destroying their targets. On the other hand, they are also a good traders so that they also bring much good to Europe.

9.Spartans

You'd think they'd be number one instead? Spartan culture is all about war and military training of men for the rest of their lives. They have a saying: "come back with a shield or more than that" which means jgn back unless you win. They are some of the most formidable warriors in the world has ever seen and has become famous for their last defense in the battle of Thermopylae. They are the masters of the shield and spear combination which is then copied by other soldiers.

10.Knight

Knights is a great fighter and wear protective clothing around the body mount a horse. Europe's feudal warrior, the protector of the king. They are the soldiers most expensive, most highly trained soldiers, and have armor, weapons, and horses for mmelaksanakan assignments. They are among the toughest warriors in history to kill because of their armor. They are a very effective army that has been practiced almost all of their lives (since the day the boys want to grow up to be one) and a tank of the ancient world. Their reasons are listed as number 1 - instead of Spartans (which most people would expect) is that the knights are also expected to behave morally, we have a polite term that comes from old French Chevalier means "knight". The knight is a perfect example of a soldier and a man.

10 Best Country Culinary Tours

10 Best Country Culinary Tours

EVERY nation must have a special food with the characteristics and uniqueness of each. Although there are some foods because of a combination or influence from other regions, this does not reduce the uniqueness of a country that would make anyone when eating traditional foods immediately thought of the food.

The following ten countries you should visit:

1.Greece

Greek food is not that familiar in Indonesia, but Italian food with pasta and tomatoes are familiar with our tongues. Likewise with Turkish food that something like Arab food with meat, fat, and rempahnya bold. Greek food with Italian influences are pastitsio. These foods use macaroni pasta.

With the original taste of the simple Greek, Italian tomato and pasta, Mediterranean with olive oil, Turkey with the meat, and Arabs with his spices to make a bold rich taste of Greek cuisine.

2.Mexico

You could say, Mexican food are not mixed with other food flavors except the area around the U.S. because Mexican food has been there since thousands of years taken by the Inca and Aztec Indians, then dimoderinisasi.

Examples of Mexican cuisine is pambazo, flautas, champurrado, and dulce de Leche. Those who feel whiz, there are special menus ya! His name chapulines.

3.Austria

Like most European food, food Austria is very classy. The types of foods that have heard the name alone makes wallets shrink! Moreover, as the birthplace of the famous Austrian musicians and artists are also classy, ​​so that these countries are often associated with buildings, especially luxury concert in Vienna (Vienna).

Typical Austrian food which is strongest in pastry and cake.

4.India

India are in different parts of the world. Although people of Indonesia, eating Indian food still have to be careful because a strong rempahnya make surprise! But definitely you are already very familiar with the curry, bread cane, rice biryani, and martabak.

5.China

In every corner of the country, surely there is such thing as Chinese food. Chinese food is divided into four types and then subdivided into eight. The four categories of Chinese food is Cantonese in Guangdong Province, Southern China.

Guangdong is the most famous foods including in Indonesia because many Cantonese people who migrate. You must be familiar with salted egg, right? Yes, these foods are foods native of Guangdong, called Ham Aap Dam.

6.Korea

Good news for fans of K-Drama! Nah wrong indeed, thanks to K-Drama and his boy band, the more popular Korean culture, and even began to shift the Japanese. Korea began to peep as the new mecca of fashion and tourism.

Tofu Bibimbap? Yes, Korean food is indeed famous. But first, Bibimbap should only be eaten by the royal family. Just also like guksu, native Korean noodles that are similar but thicker vermicelli.

Guksu this later processed into a variety of foods, for example Japachae, memil guksu, and jjolmeyon. When viewed from the picture, nice tuh pas edible winter.

7.Italy

Who knew baseball pasta? spaghetti? macaroni? lasagna? Or any other kind kind of pizza? Italian food is arguably Europe's most Indonesian food. Starting from the most expensive to the cheapest, Italian food can be found everywhere.

8.Indonesia

Problems taste, very diverse, right! Such as Sumatra, Bali, Nusa Tenggara and Sulawesi that spicy, and sweet local Javanese, and Sundanese are natural.

But no doubt, Indonesian food is strongly influenced by Indian, Arabic, Chinese, and western, depending on the area. Sumatra has a characteristic of Arab and India as well as other Malay food with curry, fat, and rempahnya.

Perhaps the discussion of food Indonesia does not need too much detail, because if baseball understand about these foods, it is too. Love the food of Indonesia.

9.French

If you hear the word French food, surely the mind drift to a romantic dinner by candle light candles everywhere and the melodious music of love with dear mate .. Ah, C'est l'amour!

Not just romantic, French food also ranked first famous for luxury foods and quality! Yes, that's why baseball strange that French food often make squeak bag for the price. Look at the sumptuous range of escargot and foie gras.

10.Japan

Japanese food taste neutral. Another case with Indonesian food is very exotic, spicy, and bersantan, India is too spicy and berkari, as well as the fatty Arabic, Japanese food can be accepted easily in the tongue anyone including people who tongue same bule rada finicky stomach.

Also, thanks to the influence of manga and anime, Japanese food is very popular with young children Indonesia, which on average was curious to taste Japanese food is how it feels.

21 things that boasts of Indonesia in World Currency

21 things that boasts of Indonesia in World Currency

This info can increase the value of our nationalism. Apparently the 'kemirisan' faced against this nation, it appears that Indonesia has so many advantages that love to be left just like that, the excess is as follows:

1.Republik Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic State

Which consists of 17,504 islands (including 9634 islands and 6,000 unnamed islands are uninhabited). Here are 3 of the 6 largest island in the world: Borneo (the third largest island in the world abound 539 460 km2), Sumatra (473,606 km2) and Papua (421,981 km2).

2. Indonesia is the largest maritime countries in the world

With the waters covering an area of ​​93 thousand km2 and the length of the coast about 81 thousand km2, or almost 25% of the length of the beach in the world.

3. Java Island is the

most populous island in the world where about 60%, almost the population of Indonesia (about 130 jt people) live on the island which only covers 7% of all parts of Indonesia
* Indonesia is a country with the largest ethnic group in the world. There are more than 740 tribes / ethnic groups, where in Papua alone there are 270 tribes.


4. Countries with the largest regional languages

Namely, 583 languages ​​and dialects of the 67 main languages ​​used by various tribes in Indonesia. National language is Indonesian, although the local language with the largest number of users in Indonesia is the Java language.


5. Buddhist monument (temple) in the world

What is the Borobudur temple in Central Java with a height of 42 meters (10 levels) and long relief more than 1 km. It is estimated that more than 40 years by the royal dynasty in Ancient Mataram dynasty (750-850).


6. Place an ancient human invention of the world's oldest

Namely: Pithecanthropus Erectus is estimated to come from 1.8 million years ago.


7.Republik Indonesia was the first country

that was born after the end of World War II in 1945. Indonesia is the world's oldest State 70

8.Indonesia was the first country (until now only one) that ever came out of the United Nations (UN)
on January 7, 1965. RI to join back into the United Nations in 1966.

9.Tim Indonesian badminton

is a symbol of men's badminton supremacy most won, Thomas Cup, which is about 13 x (the first time last years 1958 & 2002).

10. Indonesia is a producer

of liquefied natural gas (LNG) in the world (20% of world supply) is also the second largest tin producer.

11. Indonesia is ranked 1st in agricultural products

Namely: Clove (cloves) and nutmeg (nutmeg), and No.2 in natural rubber (Natural Rubber) and crude palm oil (Crude Palm Oil).

12. Indonesia is the largest exporter of plywood (plywood)

Which is about 80% in world markets.

13. Coral Reef (Coral Reef),

Indonesia is the richest (18% of world total).

14. Indonesia has the most shark species are 150 species.

15. Biodiversity Orchid terbeser world

6 thousand species of orchids, ranging from the largest (or Grammatophyllum speciosum Tiger Orchid) to the smallest (Taeniophyllum, which is not leafy), including the Black Orchid is rare and only found in Papua.

16. Once the world's largest mangrove forest

This plant is useful ntuk prevent sea water erosion / abrasion.

17. Ancient animals are still alive

Komodo dragons are found only on Komodo island, East Nusa Tenggara is the largest lizard in the world. Can reach 3 meters and weighs 90 kg.

18. Rafflesia Arnoldi

which grows in Sumatra is the world's largest flower
When flowers bloom, reaching 1 meter in diameter.

19. Having the world's smallest primate

Pygmy Tarsier (Tarsius pumilus) or Mount Tarsier also called the length is only 10 cm. Animals such as monkeys and their lives in trees in Sulawesi.

20. Place the discovery of the world's longest snake

That is, Python Reticulates length of 10 meters in Sulawesi.

21.fish world's smallest

Found recently in the muddy swamps of Sumatra. 7.9 mm as an adult or a more or less the same mosquito. Many of his strength? live how to process and maintain it must be supported with great confidence to use our own products.

10 Most beautiful national parks in the world

1.SNOWDONIA NATIONAL PARK, WALES, GREAT BRITAIN snowdonia national park is located in wales, great britain. it covers 2,170 km2 and siting on 1,085 m elevation on snowdon mountain. snowdon is the highest mountain in great britain. this park has a very captivating view.

2.KAKANDU NATIONAL PARK, NORTHERN TERRITORY, AUSTRALIA another world heritage sites, this national park is being manage by the aboriginal together with the australian government. kakandu is the native habitat of saltwatercrocodile. furthermore, kakandu offers incredible view, massive waterfall, and aboriginal rock art.

3.KRUGER NATIONAL PARK, SOUTH AFRICA kruger national park is the biggest national park in africa. this national park covers area of 18,989 km2. in here, visitors can get a chance to watch african mammals and birds in big groups.

4.PLITVICE LAKES NATIONAL PARK plitvice lakes national park is situated in plitvice highland, surrounded by three mountains in alpens, pljesevica, mala kapela and medvedak. visiors can find waterfalls and small rivers with very clear water here. you will also find green and blue coloured water that will soothe your eyes

5.SAGARMANTHA NATIONAL PARK, NEPAL this national park was first opened in 1976, covering area of 1148 m2, which lowest elevation is 2845 m2 and the highest is 8850 m2.t he himalaya mountains are part of this national park. the sagarmantha national park is located in nepal.

6.IGUAZU NATIONAL PARK, ARGENTINA this park of argentina was officially became one of the world heritage sites by UNESCO in 1984. it featured iguazu waterfall and sub-tropical rainforest. visitors can enjoy the sensation of riding a boat between hundreds of waterfalls.

7.GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK, ARIZONA grand canyon is one of the seven wonders of the world. most of parts of grand canyon is cluded in grand canyon national park, which was one of the first national parks in united stated of america. grand canyon is a massive cliff where the colorado rivers flows on its bottom. the amazing grand canyon is 446 km long, 6.29 wide, and 1,600m deep.

8.HORTOBAGY NATIONAL PARK, HUNGARY hortobagy national park is located in hungary. this national park is also a steppe covering 800km2. lives many endagered bird species, and become stop-over area of many migrating water birds. hortobagy also becomes a protection area for przewalski horse.

9.DEOSAI NATIONAL PARK, PAKISTAN deosai national park is located in skardu, pakistan. in deosai valley, elevating in 4,114m, to be axact. this national park is stuated among the highest points on earth. deosai is famous for their spring which being covered by millions of flowers and many different species of butterflies.

10.MADAIN SHALEH NATIONAL HISTORIC PARK, SAUDI ARABIA madain shaleh is an ancient city in northern part of arab saudi. in 500BC to 100BC, the nabatean people created cemetary by cutting the surface of rocks.